General

Film = Reflects Youth Culture

Music =  Creates culture

Structure

Introduction 

• State line of argument
• Background
• An example
• 3-5 Lines

Paragraphs

• Point
• What you mean e.g. Definition?
• Context
• Example (Either/both Film or Music Video)
• Micro-elements to support (Other examples)
• Contrast

Conclusion (Draft)

Q6) With reference to any one group of people that you have studio, discuss now their identity has been "Mediated"?

In conclusion, Youth Culture is certainly mediated to an generous extent.

The Media plays a large role in over-exaggerating and sensationalising the vilifying aspects of Youth Culture, and it is becoming harder for individual teenagers to reject the stereotype and exist outside of Media perceptions. Teenagers are predominantly portrayed as dangerous, and this representation is emphasised and re-presented as the "Norm", as theorised by Richard Dyer, through films ("Kidulthood"), TV programmes ("Waterloo Road"), and News coverage focusing exclusively on the negative (BBC: "Boy aged 15 remains in custody after teacher Anne Maguire stabbed to death in front of class").

Although it is untrue to say that Media presentations are entirely baseless, and in that respect the Youth identity as dangerous is not mediated, these presentations are not standard. They are simply easier to sell than that of an academic, hard-working and mature student, which are generally the majority. Charles Acland's theory could be applied in the sense that the Media is creating a hegemony in which teenagers are deemed dangerous and out-of-control, and ultimately, it is very much the case that teenage identity is being shaped to fit the dangerous, aggressive stereotype, moving away from that of reality.

Exam Tips - How you will be marked and what they are looking for?

Key Areas of Media and Collective Identity

• How do the contemporary media represent (Youth Culture) in different ways?
• How does contemporary representations compare to previous time periods?
• What are the social implications of different representations of groups of people?
• To what extent is human identity increasingly "mediated"?

From the Specification

The majority of examples in candidates' answers should be contemporary (5 Years). However, theories and approaches may be drawn from any time period

Where candidates refer to only one media area in their answers, marks will be restricted

Where candidates fail to provide of infra historical references and/or future projections, marks will be restricted

Examiner's Report

Examples and case studies should be from within the last 5 years (E.g. Since 2009)

• "Classic" case studies add little value for candidates

The stronger answers were those that managed to tackle the question of how dominant representations inform identity, with the less accomplished responses tackling the latter for granted, or merely dealing with the degree of "accuracy" of the representations

Balance is important. All the critical perspectives are chosen because there are "no right answers". More candidates would reach level 4 if they approached with this in mind

The stronger answers are those which present a balanced argument with a clear structure, weighing up competing arguments, developing the case through the use of examples and working towards a conclusion

The Mark Scheme

Explanation/Analysis/Argument = 20 marks

Use of Examples = 20 marks

Use of terminology = 10 marks

Music

Historically the youth culture has stemmed from music

Film has sought to represent youth culture whereas music seeks to appeal to them

Remember we talked about how the music industry was reactive to the culture (Cool-Hunting)

OCR > Media and Communaticatiosn > Past Papers

Exam 2

What is collective identity, and how is it mediated?

Plan

Define Collective Identity:

"Collective identity is the shared sense of belonging to a group"

Examples of Collective Identity, E.g. 1950's Youth

Mediated in a variety of ways, E.g.

• The demonisation of Youth went a long way in forcing various groups into one collective culture, E.g. Lad culture, Hoodies, Mods & Rockers, Punk
• Creating of two simple stereotypes for groups to fit into (Mooks, Midriffs), and the systematic, and constant, influencing of youths to conform to these cuts outs
• Distinction between Labels desired and one applied to a group, such as Mod versus Mook

Targets

1. Memorise Theorists and their Theories
2. Case Studies and general notes of what we've learnt
3. Practise essay writing and timing

Questions

Analyse the ways in which the media represent one group of people you have studied? [50]

"The media do not construct collective identity; they merely reflect it" Discuss [50]

Line of Argument: To some extent the statement is true, however, the Media does have some influence in constructing collective identity.

Agree

• Demonisation of Youth through film - During the 1950's, when Youth Culture had only just begun to bloom, the Media vilified teenagers, most clearly seen in films, such as "Beat Girl"
• This tradition has continued to grow; 1970's coverage of PUNK and "Scum", 1980's "Clockwork Orange"
• Modern: Hoodies
• However, it could be argued that these are all heavily exaggerated and sensationalised representations which don't depict an adequate picture of Youth, and influence teenagers to behave in this way and conform

Disagree

• Sexualisation of teenage girls
• MTV's "Midriffs"

With reference to any one group of people that you have studied, discuss how their identity has been "mediated" [50]

"Media representations are complex, not simple and straightforward." How far do you agree with this statement in relation to the collective group that you have studied? [50] 

Recap

What are the values of subculture?

• Conformity and rebellion
• Attitude to Capitalism and Consumerism
• "Tribal" rivalry
• Traditional or "neophile"

Teenagers will often move between subcultures, and older youths mix and match styles/values from a mix of subcultures

Adults can appear to conform for most of the working week, but can re-enter the subculture at specific times e.g. Weekends, festivals, etc

"There are many streams" - Mainstream is in perpetual flux, rapaciously absorbing alternative culture at such as fast rate that the notion of mainstream becomes obsolete

Richard Dyer "Star Theory"

• Stars represent shared cultural values and attitudes, and will promote a certain ideology
• Fans who agree with that set of values will support the Star
• Fans will imitate Stars in an aspirational effort to get "closer" to the glamourous, fantasy lifestyle they appear to have - This may take the form of "dressing up", imitating performances, adopting behaviour, etc

The Pop Music Industry does not create long-lasting subcultures - It struggles to keep up with Youth values and groups

Subcultures in the Music Industry are created by the practitioners 

Real dichotomy between film and music

"Teens will often being to more than one culture, that they will move from culture to culture in time and over time, and that they will even 'mix and match' these styles from time to time. But let us also note

that this is not the Post-Modernist's pastiche. There are basic types of teen. They remain coherent and habitable, with characteristic values, practises and styles." - Grant McCracken

Exam Questions

Exam Questions

With reference to any one group of people that you have studied, discuss how their identity has been "Mediated"? [50]

"Media representations are complex, not simple and straightforward." How far do you agree with this statement in relation to the collective group that you have studied? [50]

Analyse the ways in which the Media represent one group of people you have studied. [50]

"The Media do not construct collective identity; they merely reflect it." Discuss. [50]

Explain the role played by the media in the construction of collective identity. [50]

Youth Presentation

"Merchants of Cool" PBS Frontline Documentary

• Teenagers have a lot of disposable income and the Media are happy to make products which they want to buy
• Objectified by the Media
• 3, 000 advertising messages a day, and 10, 000, 000 by the time they're 18
• "More money to spend and more choice in terms of how to spend it"

"Most studied generation of history"

"Teens are like Africa"

"A blizzard of brands targeting the same teens"

"Stubborn demographic"

"One thing they respond to: Cool"

"Look for the 20% Trendsetters who will influence the other 80%"

"Culture spies" = Correspondents who look for Trendsetters

Paradox of Cool Hunting is that once found, it is eventually killed

• "By discovering Cool, Cool has to move onto to the next thing"
• Kids see marketers as the enemy
• First rule of Cool - Don't let them see marketing

MTV

F-Nography Study - About studying teenagers as people or as customers?

The "Mook" - A character, rude, loud and obnoxious

"Most buyable creation"

No longer trying to understand teenagers to make them happier and design products for them… Rather studying them to learn how best to pitch their products to the market

Media spit out another type for females: the "Midriff"

• Prematurely adult
• He (Mook) is crude, She (Midriff) is a sex-obsessed
• E.g. Brittany Spears

Americanisation of British Youth Culture

"It's one enclosed feedback loop," Rushkoff says. "Kids' culture and media culture are now one and the same, and it becomes impossible to tell which came first - the anger or the marketing of the anger"

"Is it possible to be a Non-Post Modernist teenagers?"

Comparative Film Project Feedback

Stephen

"My Brother the Devil" (2012) and "The Inbetweeners Movie" (2011)

Ali

"Ill Manors" (2012) and "Anuvahood" (2011)

Mousa

"Shank" (2010) and "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging" (2008)

Shank

• Adam Deacon, Ashley Walters and Noel Clarke "Monopolising the genre"
• Fast-paced, adrenaline-pumping, "Skins Culture"; Sub-genre of films
• Peppered with stereotypes 
• More televisual = Lifts representations out of cinema and adds a certain realism and similitude 
• Advertising, such as the film posters, are strikingly similar, all showing the characters posed on the streets, confrontational, dark lighting and bold, gritty font and colour scheme
• "Blackboard Jungle"; first youth culture film focusing on the negatives of teenagers, taking the perspective of adults disapproving youth
• Criminalisation of the working-class

Type-casting e.g. Joe Cole, Jack O'Connell

1950's-60's

Representing "Youth" as deviant by the media was popular due to the split felt (Eventually known as the "Generational gap") between youth and adults

Through music, created their own sub-culture

The media's reaction was generally to vilify them

"Kidulthood" ultimately wasn't made to socially comment or challenge authority, unlike Punk

Comparison: "Good Vibrations" and "The Inbetweeners Movie"

Continue...

Starter:

"Culture… Is not artifice and manners, the reserve of the Sunday best, rainy afternoons and concert halls. It is the very material of our daily lives, the bricks and mortar of our most commonplace understandings."

Willis (1979)

But what if the "bricks and mortar" of our most commonplace understandings are mediated to us?

Roberts (2014)

Good Vibrations

Good Vibrations, Lisa Barros D'Sa and Glenn Leyburn (2013) 

http://www.londoncitynights.com/2013/03/good-vibrations-2012-directed-by-lisa.html

"New York has the haircuts! London has the trousers! Belfast has the reason!" 

What is re-presented?

Teenagers are represented as aspirational, and talented, and this presentation stems from focus of the plot, the band The Outcasts, who rose to fame with their hit song "Teenage Kicks". The film is set during The Troubles, which plays a part in negatively presenting the social group as violent, and the punk scene included showcases teenagers as delinquent, unmotivated, alternative and desperately trying to escape their adult futures. 

Whose representation is this?

The two directors are fairly unknown, and the producer Andrew Eaton, has made films such as "Rush",  "The Killer Inside Me" and "9 songs".

Why has this presentations been constructed in this way?

The Troubles in Ireland was a time of social upheaval and so, would likely be made to add to the realism and historical accuracy of the film. The film also doesn't challenge the naturalised convention of teenagers appearing violent and irresponsible. The entertainment value likely increases as a result of including interesting and dangerous characters.

How can this representation be decoded (Audience Reception)?

• Historically accurate
• That teenagers during that period were aspirational, talented and popular, the successful rise of The Outcasts is evidence of this. There is also a suggestion of influence and meaning to the social group, who create a song that changes a mans life in a time where everything seems so hopeless
• However, the Punk scene showcases a social group trying to break out on their own and be different from their parents 
• Irresponsible = Terri Hooley marries his wife at a young age (However, this was the norm for that period)

What points or arguments can you make as a result of this analysis?

That teenagers as alternative lifestyle seekers and delinquents is a popular and long-lasting representation, included in films which portray the 1970's-1980's.

Which theories and theorists can you reference in support of your comments and arguments?

• Hegemony Theory and Charles Acland
• Dyer's Typography
• Baudrillard "Simulacrum"

What is overall conclusion you come to for this case study?

That the film presents both positive and negative perceptions of teenagers, and although they the negative perceptions in particularly are naturalised and the "norm" for the media contemporarily, there is a suggestion that because the film is historical, the representations can be seen as more genuine, rather than deliberate. 

Hegemony Theory

Antonio Gramsci

Cultural Hegemony Theory = The idea that the ruling classes maintain power and dominance over the lower classes by manipulating information provided designed to keep them under their control

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemony

Charles Acland's Theory

The idea that the messages made in the media are designed to reinforce re-presentations already current in order to preserve and emphasise the hegemony of a society

E.g. "Kidulthood" actively portrays teenagers as delinquent and dangerous, reinforcing the desire to stay away, isolate and ignore them. This limits how much their opinions (which might include recognising the power the ruling classes hold and wanting to rebel) make an impact.

Baudrillard: How to apply?

Recap: Laura Mulvey

• Scopophilia = Pleasure from looking
• Cinema offers voyeuristic pleasures e.g. Visual pleasure
• Male scopophilic desires are satisfied
• Women connote "to-be-looked-at-ness"
• Men look, women are looked at
• Object/subject
• "Look" Theory = The first two looks* are invisible in classical narrative cinema meaning that the only visible look is that of the characters

*Look at "Mulvey" post

Dyer's Typography

Argues these re-presentations create types of "people"

Types links to "Typical"
The "types" portrayed become natural

These representations become part of a process of naturalising e.g. The idea of young people being bad or women being objects of desire to be look at only become natural to the audience, almost unconscious


In the Media:

"Kidulthood" = Represents British, urban, teenage females as highly sexualised, as sluts. This is presented as the reality, the norm, rather than simply a construction, and is endorsed by audiences as natural.


Media Platforms:

The Reality becomes the Construction and the Construction becomes the Reality

E.g. People assume that how they are living their lives, the Reality, is wrong and boring, and when watching films or TV programmes ("90210", "Kidulthood"), the Construction, is in fact what they should adopt and be like.


Beyonce's "Partition"

• Proves Mulvey's theory

Criticisms of Mulvey

• Theoretical not empirical model
• Focuses on heterosexual male spectators
• Assumes mass audience responding to a text in a uniform way
• Neglects possibility of male providing visual pleasure
• Mary Ann Doane: "The Masquerade" = Flaunting a flamboyant femininity is an empowering position
• Kathleen Rowe = Argues that being the object of the gave is a position of power
• Richard Dyer = Questions the association of looking (the subject of the gaze) with being active, and being looked at (object of the gaze) as being passive
• Ann Kaplan = Argues that women can possess the look and make men the object of the gaze. However, this simply a reversal of roles in which the positions are still defined by dominance and submission. The gaze is not necessarily male, but is masculine

Duran Duran "Girls on Film"

Practice Exam Questions

Resources: http://g325criticalperspectivesinthemedia.blogspot.co.uk

Time: 30 minutes

Baudrillard

The 'BASICS' of post-modernism

Essentially the breakdown of barriers

The mixing of things or the letting of things come together (through the breakdown of barriers)

It could be between:

• High Art and Low Art
• Organic and Artificial
• Male and Female
• Between texts themselves (e.g. intertextuality)
• The Real and the Fake (between what is real and what is not)
• Old and New
• Past and Present

"The Matrix"

Plays on the idea of the real mixed with the unreal

E.g. "The Desert of the Real"

Baudrillard

• Jean Baudrillard (b. 1929 - d. 2007)
• He argues our society has become so reliant on representations that we have lost contact with the real
• There is no distinction between reality and representation, only simulacrum
• Simulacrum: A copy that now has more reality (and relevance) than the object it is a copy of

Creating a Simulacrum

• Begin with a real object
• The object then becomes a representation
• The representation becomes more important and 'real' to us than the original = Hyperreal
• Fundamentally destroys the original, eventually meaning everything is a copy
• Future representations are then copies of a copy, of a copy, etc

As a result…

• Baudrillard had a problem with the idea of representation
• Representation implies there was something there originally to represent
• But in this view, how can one represent something that does not exist? 

To test the theory?

If we accept Little Mix as a girl group rather than four individuals who sing does this mean that they are post-modernist?

Is something a simulacrum if you know it is a simulacrum?

Is it possible to create a generic construction of a Pop video that is also original?

In what ways is youth culture in "Teenager From Out of Space" represented as a simulacrum?

Constructionist Approach

Constructionist Approach

 

Denotation is producers constructed meaning
Connotation is audience reaction

Semiotics

Semiotics

• Developed by Ferdinand de Saussure who studied how language created meaning
• Language does not reflect reality - meaning is constructed through language
• We make meaning through the creation and interpretation of signs
• Signs can be words, images, sounds, odours, acts…

Signs

Signifier + Signified = Sign

• The signifier is the form which the sign takes
• The signified the concept it represents
• The sign is the total meaning that results from associating the signifier with the signified

Dyer identifies 4 questions to ask of a representation

Little Mix "Cannonball"

Almost a lack of representation because the video only represents Little Mix as what we've already seen on the show

Positive Representation

• Element of success
• Passionate
• Talented

Negative Representation

• Generic (Completely conventional X-Factor video = Promotional material for the original and cover of the song, "Cannonball", but also advertises the X-Factor, intrinsically linking the talent show to the success of the girls)

"Wings"

Incredibly professional air about the video which re-presents Little Mix as a new and interesting act e.g. High-tech effects, layout, setting

• Heavily manufactured
• Styled e.g. Traditional casting: Perri = Lead, Leigh-Anne = Street, Jesse = Tomboy, Jade = Young/Cute

Stylish and attractive

No fragmented body shots = Hardly sexualised (More so that "Cannonball" but not to an overdone level)

Union Jack branding

Saturation of colour

Complete lack of X-Factor, contrasting with "Cannonball"

Change in Albums

• Higher level of maturity
• Darker or more aggressive

"Move"

Conforming to generic Pop music videos style

Representation is slowly developing to convey Little Mix as more mature, sexualised and a product of the music industry

Theory

Laura Mulvey 


Using the theory of Visual Pleasure and the Male Gaze

Introduction to Mulvey

• She is a feminist film scholar
• She wrote "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975)
• Analysed Hollywood cinema and argued that female characters were represented as passive objects of male sexual desire
• This is en capsulated in the term "Male Gaze"
• A film is watched through the eyes of the male characters

Bechdel Test asks whether a work of fiction features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man. Many contemporary works fail this test of gender bias

Scopophilia is the pleasure you can gain from looking at something

• Cinema offers these pleasures voyeuristically
• Thereby satisfying the male scopophilic desires 
• A woman connotes something to be looked at
• Simply: The Men look and the Women are looked at
• Subject and Object

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6L3Ef1JCC8

Her theory specifically related to classical Hollywood cinema

She wanted more feminist avant-garde film-making to battle the patriarchal Hollywood system

Her theories can be applied to a variety of cinema however

The Look

Mulvey identified three different ways of looking in cinema:

• The look of the camera that records the film (Phallic camera acts as an extension of the male)
• The look of the audience that views the film
• The look of the characters within the film

On the other hand

• The theory focuses on heterosexual male spectators
• It assumes audiences respond to the text in a uniform way
• It ignores the possibility of males providing visual pleasure as well
• Kathleen Rowe argues that being the object of the gaze is a position of power
• Richard Dyer questions the association of looking as active and being looked at as passive

The Gaze in Action Die Another Day

What are the male characters looking at?

Female protagonist, Halle Berry

What is the camera looking at?

Female protagonist, Halle Berry

What is the audience expected to be looking at?

The interaction (flirting) between Halle Berry's Jinx and Pierce Brosnan's Bond

What are the purposes of the shots of the male and female characters

Showcases sexual attraction and heightens female sexuality

Who is the presumed spectator(s)?

James Bond = Looking at her through his binoculars, position of the predator

Which are characters are dominant and which are submissive?

Low-angle shot looking-up at James Bond asserts his dominance immediately

Apply Fast Girls

The film, Fast Girls, takes a slightly different view in terms of the role of the female in films. The plot revolves around the idea of female empowerment and females partaking in sport (running), a sport generally dominated by men. The film portrays women as successful and talented at something usually associated with men, already challenging the convention. From the trailer, there are a variety of signs which identify the protagonist and fellow female cast members of talented and sporty e.g. the shots of them running, and training with her/their coach. The captions and clips of the protagonist training present her as motivated and hard-working, focused on her sport more than anything else.

The heavy sport presence limits the portrayal of the women as highly-sexual creatures and something to be only lusted over, however, the costumes are skimpy sports uniforms, and the trailer includes a range of fragmented body shots of the mid-rift and thighs which do work to re-present the female characters are aesthetically attractive. Some high-angle shots pointing the camera down at the female body as the character is undressing suggests a voyeuristic element and sexualises the character, even if the shot is out of context and the movement in the shot entirely innocent and professional, as well as making her the submissive object to the camera's subject e.g. removing jacket to prepare to run a race. The actresses are also attractive and there is a romantic element to the film which not only heightens that genre of the film, but softens the hard sporty exterior portrayed, making the female characters seem more feminine.

There is an air of friendship and camaraderie between the four females conveyed in the shots of them running and going out to a club, and which disproves the Bechdel Test.

There is a contrast of the rich versus the poor, which isn't necessarily restricted to the presentation of the female but just something to note in the initial scenes of the trailer. The two girls (Shania Andrews and Lisa Temple) are shown as coming from completely different backgrounds but on equal-footing in terms of talent and drive, suggesting a likely rivalry aspect as part of the plot.

Theories of Mediation and Representation

Define "Mediation"

My definition: The process by which the media alters and monitors information it makes available to the public

Sir's definition: The process by which messages and values are constructed and communicated to us

Define "Representation"

My definition: How something is presented or portrayed to deliver an impression

Sir's definition: The reinforcement of these messages and values through continuous repetition in the mass media


Activity: Asked to draw a bank manager in 60 seconds. Everyone in the class drew a man in a suit

If on a judging panel looking to hire a bank manager, would these preconceptions influence your decision?

Defining A Character

Denotations

What you see

Connotations

What you associate with those things that you see or hear


Stereotypes: 2 Dimensions

1. Behavioural
2. Physical

Stereotypes

Media representations often use stereotypes as a cultural shorthand

Richard Dyer

• Argues stereotypes are a way of reinforcing differences between people, and representing these differences as a natural
• For examples, stereotypes about men and women reinforce the idea that they are very different

Question we would ask when analysing representations:

• Who or what is being represented?
• How is the representation being created?
• Who has created the representation?
• Why is the representation created in that way? What is the intention?
• What is the effect of the representation?

Gatekeeping

A theorist called White (1961) spoke of the "Gatekeepers"; that is the people who are part of the decision making process in the construction of media texts.

Who do you consider to be gatekeepers? Film producers, agents

The Constructionist Approach

The audience reacts to this representation and this depends on their own personal interpretational context: age, gender, political/religious beliefs, nationality etc

Nostalgic/Historical or Topical

Key

Nostalgic/Historical

This Is England (2006), set in 1983
24 Hour Party People (2002), set in 1976
Control (2007), set in 1975
Neds (2010), set in the 1970's
Good Vibrations (2013), set in the 1970's
Starter For 10 (2006), set in 1985

Topical

Kidulthood (2006)
Adulthood (2008)
Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging (2008)
Eden Lake (2008)
Cherrybomb (2009)
Harry Brown (2010)
Shank (2010)
Sket (2011)
Anuvahood (2011)
Attack The Block (2011)
Fast Girls (2012)
Kevin and Perry Go Large (2000)
The Angel's Share (2012)
Bullet Boy (2004)
My Brother The Devil (2012)
Demons Never Die (2011)
The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)
Ill Manors (2012)


Representations of Youth: Stagnated or Progressive?

Young Males as Violent

"Kidulthood", "Adulthood", "Eden Lake", "Anuvahood", "Attack The Block", "My Brother The Devil"

Sexually Orientated

"Kevin and Perry Go Large", "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging", "Cherrybomb", "Inbetweeners"

Adult Influence over Younger (The idea of there being an adult influence over youth has decreased; teenagers are presented as being much more independent in some films. However, in the cases of "Sket" and "Shank", the producers have reverted back to including a sense of adult control seen often in Gang culture where the older members exert control and influence over the younger)

"This is England", "Kidulthood", "Adulthood", "Shank", "Sket"

Motivated for Success

"Starter For 10", "Fast Girls", "Good Vibrations"

Youth in Film

"The Young Ones" (1961)

• Pathetically rebellious
• Showing change in society and a growing feeling of rebellion but on a very minimised and harmless level e.g. Fighting with parents over saving a dance hall
• Shallow
• Cheesy and unrealistic

"Teenage Bad Girl" (1956)

• Showcases a breakdown between parent-child relationships
• The teenage female protagonist is portrayed as out-of-control, and aggressive, which contrasts with the innocent and caring Mother unable to understand her daughter

"Teenagers From Outer Space" (1959)

• The ridiculousness of the film makes light of the air of rebellion occurring at the time
• Portrays teenagers as foreign, scary and dangerous

"A Hard Days Night" (1964)

• Beatles first film appearance starring themselves
• Attract teenagers to watch the film by directly appealing to their market
• Features screaming, hormonal teenage girls, and cheeky male Pop stars running about

"Beat Girl" (1960)

• Irresponsible, and silly

"Scum" (1979)

• A world away from the earlier representations of teenagers in film
• Portray them as violent, aggressive, having little respect for the law and their elders
• The idea that the adult members of the audience would support the adults in the film, however, the film gives quite a sympathetic portrayal of the inmates as the film progresses